Four Laws That Drive the Universe pdf

بيتر ويليام أتكينز (من مواليد 10 أغسطس 1940) هو كيميائي إنجليزي وأستاذ سابق في الكيمياء بجامعة أكسفورد وزميل في كلية لينكولن. وهو كاتب غزير الإنتاج لكتب الكيمياء المدرسية الشهيرة ، بما في ذلك الكيمياء الفيزيائية والكيمياء غير العضوية وميكانيكا الكم الجزيئية.

pdf Four Laws That Drive the Universe مجانا للكاتب بيتر وليام اتكينز

The laws of thermodynamics drive everything that happens in the universe. From the sudden expansion of a cloud of gas to the cooling of hot metal, and from the unfurling of a leaf to the course of life itself--everything is moved or restrained by four simple laws. They establish fundamental concepts such as temperature and heat, and reveal the arrow of time and even the nature of energy itself. Written by Peter Atkins, one of the worlds leading authorities on thermodynamics, this powerful and compact introduction explains what these four laws are and how they work, using accessible language and virtually no mathematics. Guiding the reader a step at a time, Atkins begins with Zeroth (so named because the first two laws were well established before scientists realized that a third law, relating to temperature, should precede them--hence the jocular name zeroth), and proceeds through the First, Second, and Third Laws, offering a clear account of concepts such as the availability of work and the conservation of energy. Atkins ranges from the fascinating theory of entropy (revealing how its unstoppable rise constitutes the engine of the universe), through the concept of free energy, and to the brink, and then beyond the brink, of absolute zero. C.P. Snow once remarked that not knowing the second law of thermodynamics is like never having read a work by Shakespeare. This brief but brilliant book introduces general readers to one of the cornerstones of modern science, four laws that are as integral to the well-educated mind as such great dramatic works as Hamlet or Macbeth.