Francis Bacon: An English writer and philosopher, and one of the pioneers of modern philosophy, his philosophy caused a major scientific revolution, and went beyond Aristotelian and Aristotelian analogy.
Francis Bacon was born in 1561 AD, his mother took over his education since childhood as her father was a teacher of the royal family, and was fluent in Greek, Latin, Italian, French, and has a culture and wide, as well as the teaching of theology functioning.
Francis Bacon joined the University of Cambridge in 1573 AD, but quickly exited without obtaining a scientific degree; To disdain the curricula in which they are taught for relying mainly on Aristotle's philosophy, which he considers a theoretical and useless.
Bacon moved to France and mingled with all political and cultural circles, and worked in the English Embassy in Paris, then returned to England after he died and joined them. He was known for his eloquence, eloquence, and strength of argument, and he was close to Queen Elizabeth in his capacity as Chancellor of the British Crown, and for his nickname “The Queen” for his condescension.
Bacon suffered a setback he lost political weight after he was stripped of his political posts on after he was accused of bribery, was jailed for four days and then received a royal pardon, and retired people Vantage at the end of his most important works, including: «the history of the reign of King Henry VII» in 1622, and six articles On the natural history, entitled “The History of the Winds”.
Bacon remained devoted to his research and experiments until he died in 1626 AD of acute pneumonia as a result of exposure to severe cold during the course of the procedure.
الأورجانون الجديد: إرشادات صادقة في تفسير الطبيعة pdf by Francis Bacon
يُعَدُّ كِتابُ «الأُورجانُون الجَدِيد» الجُزْءَ الثانِيَ مِنْ مَشْروعِ «الإِحْياء العَظِيم» الَّذِي خطَّطَ «فرانسيس بيكون» فِي إِخْراجِهِ فِي سِتَّةِ أَجْزاء، لكِنَّه تُوفِّيَ قَبلَ إِتْمامِه، ولَمْ يُؤلِّفْ مِنْه إلَّا هَذا الجُزْء، وكَانَ قَدْ كَتبَ مِنْ قَبلُ كِتابَ «النُّهُوض بالعِلْم» فجَعلَه الجُزْءَ الأوَّلَ مِنَ «الإِحْياء العَظِيم». وكَانَ يَهدُفُ مِنْ خِلالِ مَشْروعِهِ هَذا إِلَى إِيضاحِ عَلاقةِ الإِنْسانِ بالطَّبِيعةِ وكَيْفيَّةِ سَيْطرتِهِ عَلَيْها مِنْ خِلالِ العِلْم. ولفْظُ «الأُورجانُون» يَعْني الأَداةَ أَوِ الآلةَ نَفْسَها، بوَصْفِها مَنطِقًا للتَّفْكِيرِ العِلْمي، وقَدِ اسْتخدَمَ بيكون هَذَا اللَّفظَ ليُعارِضَ مَنهجَ أرسطو الَّذِي كانَ يُعرَفُ بالاسْمِ نفْسِه «الأُورجانُون». يَحْتوِي الكِتابُ عَلى قِسْمَيْن: الأوَّلُ هُوَ القِسمُ السَّلْبيُّ «شَذَراتٌ فِي تَفْسيرِ الطَّبِيعةِ وفِي مَمْلكةِ الإِنْسان»، والثَّانِي الإِيجابِيُّ «شَذَراتٌ فِي تَفْسيرِ الطَّبِيعةِ أَوْ فِي مَمْلكةِ الإِنْسان»، ومِن أَشْهرِ أَجْزائِهِ «الأَوْهامُ الأَرْبعَة»: أَوْهامُ القَبِيلة، وأَوْهامُ الكَهْف، وأَوْهامُ السُّوق، وأَوْهامُ المَسْرَح.