Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Hashimi al-Qurashi. An Arab scholar[2][3] Muslim (born in 1100 AD (493 AH) and died in 1166 AD (559 AH)) is considered one of the great geographers in history and the founders of geography. He also wrote in literature, poetry and plants, and studied philosophy, medicine, and stars in Cordoba. His illustrations and maps were used in all discoveries of the European Renaissance. It provided directions for rivers, lakes, and highlands, and also included information on major cities as well as country borders.