L'Éventail du vivant pdf

Stephen Jay Gould was an American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science. He was one of the most influential and widely read authors of popular science of his generation. Gould spent most of his career teaching at Harvard University and working at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. In 1996, Gould was hired as the Vincent Astor Visiting Research Professor of Biology at New York University, after which he divided his time teaching between there and Harvard. Gould's most significant contribution to evolutionary biology was the theory of punctuated equilibrium developed with Niles Eldredge in 1972. The theory proposes that most evolution is characterized by long periods of evolutionary stability, infrequently punctuated by swift periods of branching speciation. The theory was contrasted against phyletic gradualism, the popular idea that evolutionary change is marked by a pattern of smooth and continuous change in the fossil record. Most of Gould's empirical research was based on the land snail genera Poecilozonites and Cerion. He also made important contributions to evolutionary developmental biology, receiving broad professional recognition for his book Ontogeny and Phylogeny.[5] In evolutionary theory he opposed strict selectionism, sociobiology as applied to humans, and evolutionary psychology. He campaigned against creationism and proposed that science and religion should be considered two distinct fields (or "non-overlapping magisteria") whose authorities do not overlap. Gould was known by the general public mainly for his 300 popular essays in Natural History magazine, and his numerous books written for both the specialist and non-specialist. In April 2000, the US Library of Congress named him a "Living Legend"

L'Éventail du vivant pdf by Stephen Jay Gould

Un livre dérangeant ! Ne respectant décidément aucune idée reçue, Gould s’en prend ici à notre image d’une nature dont l’histoire serait régie par une logique de progrès. L’évolution, montre-t-il, n’est pas cette inéluctable marche vers une complexité et une subtilité croissantes qui, partant des formes les plus simples, culminerait triomphalement par l’apparition de ce chef-d’œuvre, l’Homme. C’est en vérité la notion de progrès dans toute sa généralité qui est mise à l’épreuve par cet essai original, certainement l’une des œuvres majeures de l’auteur et une importante contribution à la culture contemporaine. À l’aide d’exemples tirés des sciences naturelles (grandeur et décadence des chevaux), de son expérience personnelle (sa lutte victorieuse contre une maladie grave) et de l’histoire sportive (la prétendue baisse de niveau du base-ball), Gould nous montre l’impossibilité d’interpréter correctement l’évolution de tout phénomène si l’on ne prend en compte tout l’éventail de ses variations. Ainsi, réduire l’histoire de la vie à celle des organismes les plus complexes est gravement méconnaître la nature même de la théorie de l’évolution, et la portée radicale de la vision darwinienne.