Epistemology and Psychology of Functions pdf

Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist, born on August 9, 1896, in Neuchâtel, Switzerland. His first interest in zoology, when he was a young man and published an article in which he talks about his observations on the albino, has written many publications regarding mollusks and won the admiration of many, and by 15 years she had gained fame among European zoologists, as he studied zoology and philosophy and obtained He received his Ph.D. from the University of Neuchâtel in 1918. The psychologist and geneticist is best known for his theory of cognitive development, which looked at how children develop intellectually. Before his theory, children were seen as small adults, but Piaget proposed the idea that children think very differently. About the way adults think, and this theory has influenced developmental psychology and became a branch of it, and contributed greatly to the field of education, and was known as a pioneer in the constructivist theory, which indicates that people build their knowledge Actively drawing on their ideas and experiences, he began to show an interest in the natural sciences at an early age, at the age of eleven, beginning his work as a researcher when he wrote about the albino.

Epistemology and Psychology of Functions pdf by Jean Piaget

Years ago, prompted by Grize, Apostel and Papert, we undertook the study of functions, but until now we did not properly understand the relations between functions and operations, and their increasing interactions at the level of 'constituted functions'. By contrast, certain recent studies on 'constitutive functions', or preoperatory functional schemes, have convinced us of the existence of a sort of logic of functions (springing from the schemes of actions) which is prior to the logic of operations (drawn from the general and reversible coordinations between actions). This preoperatory 'logic' accounts for the very general, and until now unexplained, primacy of order relations between 4 and 7 years of age, which is natural since functions are ordered dependences and result from oriented 'applications'. And while this 'logic' ends up in a positive manner in formalizable structures, it has gaps or limitations. Psychologically, we are interested in understanding the system­ atic errors due to this primacy of order, such ·as the undifferentiation of 'longer' and 'farther', or the non-conservations caused by ordinal estimations (of levels, etc. ), as opposed to extensive or metric evaluations. In a sense which is psychologically very real, this preoperatory logic of constitutive functions represents only the first half of operatory logic, if this can be said, and it is reversibility which allows the construction of the other half by completing the initial one-way structures.