Albert Einstein (14 de marzo de 1879 - 18 de abril de 1955) fue un físico alemán, suizo y estadounidense, de padres judíos.En Física, publicó un trabajo de investigación sobre el efecto fotoeléctrico, entre otros trescientos trabajos científicos suyos en la equivalencia de la materia y la energía, la mecánica cuántica y otros, y sus conclusiones probadas condujeron a la interpretación de muchos fenómenos científicos que la física clásica no pudo probar. Einstein comenzó con la "relatividad especial" que contradecía la teoría del tiempo y el espacio de Newton para resolver en particular los problemas de la vieja teoría sobre las ondas electromagnéticas en general, y la luz en particular, y eso fue entre (1902-1909) en Suiza. En cuanto a la "relatividad general", la presentó en 1915, en la que discutió la gravedad, y representa la descripción actual de la gravedad en la física moderna. La relatividad general generaliza tanto la relatividad especial como la ley de gravitación universal de Newton, proporcionando una descripción unificada de la gravedad como una propiedad geométrica del espacio y el tiempo, o espacio-tiempo.
Einstein's miraculous year: five papers that changed the face of physics pdf por Albert Einstein
After 1905, Einstein's miraculous year, physics would never be the same again. In those twelve months, Einstein shattered many cherished scientific beliefs with five extraordinary papers that would establish him as the world's leading physicist. This book brings those papers together in an accessible format. The best-known papers are the two that founded special relativity: On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies and Does the Inertia of a Body Depend on Its Energy Content? In the former, Einstein showed that absolute time had to be replaced by a new absolute: the speed of light. In the second, he asserted the equivalence of mass and energy, which would lead to the famous formula E = mc2 .
The book also includes On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light , in which Einstein challenged the wave theory of light, suggesting that light could also be regarded as a collection of particles. This helped to open the door to a whole new world--that of quantum physics. For ideas in this paper, he won the Nobel Prize in 1921.
The fourth paper also led to a Nobel Prize, although for another scientist, Jean Perrin. On the Movement of Small Particles Suspended in Stationary Liquids Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat concerns the Brownian motion of such particles. With profound insight, Einstein blended ideas from kinetic theory and classical hydrodynamics to derive an equation for the mean free path of such particles as a function of the time, which Perrin confirmed experimentally. The fifth paper, A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions , was Einstein's doctoral dissertation, and remains among his most cited articles. It shows how to calculate Avogadro's number and the size of molecules.
These papers, presented in a modern English translation, are essential reading for any physicist, mathematician, or astrophysicist. Far more than just a collection of scientific articles, this book presents work that is among the high points of human achievement and marks a watershed in the history of science.
Coinciding with the 100th anniversary of the miraculous year, this new paperback edition includes an introduction by John Stachel, which focuses on the personal aspects of Einstein's youth that facilitated and led up to the miraculous year.