Skeletons: The Frame of Life pdf

Jan Zalasiewicz, professeur de paléobiologie à l'Université de Leicester, se penche sur l'Anthropocène. Jan Zalasiewicz est professeur de paléobiologie à l'Université de Leicester, au Royaume-Uni. Au début de sa carrière, il était géologue de terrain et paléontologue au British Geological Survey, travaillant à déchiffrer les strates de l'est de l'Angleterre, puis les montagnes du centre du Pays de Galles. Maintenant, il enseigne la géologie et l'histoire de la Terre aux étudiants de premier cycle et de troisième cycle, et étudie les écosystèmes et les environnements fossiles sur plus d'un demi-milliard d'années de temps géologique. Au cours des dernières années, il a participé à l'élaboration d'idées sur l'Anthropocène, le concept selon lequel les humains dirigent désormais une grande partie de la géologie à la surface de la Terre, et préside le Groupe de travail sur l'Anthropocène de la Commission internationale de stratigraphie.

Skeletons: The Frame of Life pdf par Jan Zalasiewicz

Over half a billion years ago life on earth took an incredible step in evolution, when animals learned to build skeletons. Using many different materials, from calcium carbonate and phosphate, and even silica, to make shell and bone, they started creating the support structures that are now critical to most living forms, providing rigidity and strength. Manifesting in a vast variety of forms, they provided the framework for sophisticated networks of life that fashioned the evolution of Earth's oceans, land, and atmosphere. Within a few tens of millions of years, all of the major types of skeleton had appeared. Skeletons enabled an unprecedented array of bodies to evolve, from the tiniest seed shrimp to the gigantic dinosaurs and blue whales. The earliest bacterial colonies constructed large rigid structures - stromatolites - built up by trapping layers of sediment, while the mega-skeleton that is the Great Barrier Reef is big enough to be visible from space. The skeletons of millions of coccolithophores that lived in the shallow seas of the Mesozoic built the white cliffs of Dover. These, and insects, put their scaffolding on the outside, as an exoskeleton, while vertebrates have endoskeletons. Plants use tubes of dead tissue for rigidity and transport of liquids - which in the case of tall trees need to be strong enough to extend 100 m or more from the ground. Others simply stitch together a coating from mineral grains on the seabed. In Skeletons, Jan Zalasiewicz and Mark Williams explore the incredible variety of the skeleton innovations that have enabled life to expand into a wide range of niches and lifestyles on the planet. Discussing the impact of climate change, which puts the formation of some kinds of skeleton at risk, they also consider future skeletons, including the possibility that we might increasingly incorporate metal and plastic elements into our own, as well as the possible materials for skeleton building on other planets. Table of contents :