Embryo: A Defense of Human Life पीडीएफ

रॉबर्ट पी. जॉर्ज न्यायशास्र के मैककॉर्मिक प्रोफेसर और अमेरिकी आदर्शों और संस्थानों में जेम्स मैडिसन कार्यक्रम के निदेशक हैं। उन्होंने अंतर्राष्ट्रीय धार्मिक स्वतंत्रता पर संयुक्त राज्य आयोग (USCIRF) के अध्यक्ष के रूप में कार्य किया है, और इससे पहले जैवनैतिकता पर राष्ट्रपति की परिषद में और नागरिक अधिकारों पर संयुक्त राज्य आयोग के राष्ट्रपति पद के लिए नियुक्त व्यक्ति के रूप में कार्य किया है। उन्होंने यू.एस. वैज्ञानिक ज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी की नैतिकता (COMEST) पर यूनेस्को के विश्व आयोग के सदस्य। वह संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के सुप्रीम कोर्ट में एक पूर्व न्यायिक फेलो हैं, जहां उन्हें जस्टिस टॉम सी क्लार्क पुरस्कार मिला। स्वर्थमोर कॉलेज से स्नातक, उन्होंने जे.डी. और एम.टी.एस. हार्वर्ड विश्वविद्यालय से डिग्री और डी.फिल., बी.सी.एल., डी.सी.एल., और डी. लिट की डिग्री। ऑक्सफोर्ड यूनिवर्सिटी से। वह हार्वर्ड लॉ स्कूल में विजिटिंग प्रोफेसर रहे हैं और काउंसिल ऑन फॉरेन रिलेशंस के सदस्य हैं।

Embryo: A Defense of Human Life पीडीएफ रॉबर्ट पीटर जॉर्ज

The bitter national debates over abortion, euthanasia, and stem cell research have created an unbridgeable gap between religious groups and those who insist that faith-based views have no place in public policy. Religious conservatives are so adamantly opposed to stem cell research in particular that President Bush issued the first veto of his presidency over a bill that would have provided federal funding for such research. Now, in this timely consideration of the nature and rights of human embryos, Robert P. George and Christopher Tollefsen make a persuasive case that we as a society should neither condone nor publicly fund embryonic stem cell research of any kind. Typically, right-to-life arguments have been based explicitly on moral and religious grounds. In "Embryo," the authors eschew religious arguments and make a purely scientific and philosophical case that the fetus, from the instant of conception, is a human being, with all the moral and political rights inherent in that status. As such, stem cell research that destroys a viable embryo represents the unacceptable taking of a human life. There is also no room in their view for a "moral dualism" that regards being a "person" as merely a stage in a human life span. An embryo does not exist in a "prepersonal" stage that does not merit the inviolable rights otherwise ascribed to persons. Instead, the authors argue, the right not to be intentionally killed is inherent in the fact of being a human being, and that status begins at the moment of conception. Moreover, just as none should be excluded from moral and legal protections based on race, sex, religion, or ethnicity, none should be excluded on the basis of age, size, or stage of biological development. George and Tollefsen fearlessly grapple with the political, scientific, and cultural consequences arising from their position and offer a summary of scientific alternatives to embryonic stem cell research. They conclude that the state has an ethical and moral obligation to protect embryonic human beings in just the same manner that it protects every other human being, and they advocate for embryo adoption--the only ethical solution to the problem of spare embryos resulting from in-vitro fertilization.