Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam Kitap pdf indir

Fred Donner, Doğu Enstitüsü'nde Yakın Doğu Tarihi ve Chicago Üniversitesi'nde Yakın Doğu Dilleri ve Medeniyetleri Bölümü'nde profesördür. Aynı zamanda şu anda Üniversitenin Ortadoğu Araştırmaları Merkezi'nin direktörlüğünü yapmaktadır. Bilimsel çalışmaları erken dönem İslam, İslam tarihçiliği ve ortaçağ İslam sosyal tarihi üzerine odaklanmaktadır. B.A. derecesini aldı. (1968) ve Ph.D. (1975) Princeton Üniversitesi'nden mezun oldu ve aynı zamanda Lübnan'da ve Almanya'nın Erlangen kentindeki Friedrich-Alexander Universität'ta okudu.

Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam kitap pdf oku ve indir Fred Donner

The origins of Islam have been the subject of increasing controversy in recent years. The traditional view, which presents Islam as a self-consciously distinct religion tied to the life and revelations of the prophet Muhammad in western Arabia, has since the 1970s been challenged by historians engaged in critical study of the Muslim sources. In Muhammad and the Believers, the eminent historian Fred Donner offers a lucid and original vision of how Islam first evolved. He argues that the origins of Islam lie in what we may call the "Believers' movement" begun by the prophet Muhammad—a movement of religious reform emphasizing strict monotheism and righteous behavior in conformity with God's revealed law. The Believers' movement thus included righteous Christians and Jews in its early years, because like the Qur'anic Believers, Christians and Jews were monotheists and agreed to live righteously in obedience to their revealed law. The conviction that Muslims constituted a separate religious community, utterly distinct from Christians and Jews, emerged a century later, when the leaders of the Believers' movement decided that only those who saw the Qur'an as the final revelation of the One God and Muhammad as the final prophet, qualified as Believers. This separated them decisively from monotheists who adhered to the Gospels or Torah. (20100627)