Discourses, Books 1-2 pdf

Epictetus：所以他是奴隶时代的自由哲学家，也是充满邪恶气息的时代的善良召唤者。 爱比克泰德于公元 50 年左右出生在罗马弗里吉亚州的希拉波利斯，尽管他在赫拉克略社会中是一名杰出的奴隶，在这个社会中，除了奴隶之外，奴隶很难成为任何人，但他能够教他哲学，摆脱了尼禄皇帝死后的奴役枷锁，在他的身体得到解放之前，他的内心是自由的。 斯多葛派哲学的两极之一爱比克泰德在尼科波利斯创立了他的哲学学派，声名鹊起，马库斯·奥勒留皇帝决定为他参加一场讲座，并在他的著作《反思》中加以利用。爱比克泰德呼吁善良和自由，并呼吁三种职责：第一，对自我，净化身体和灵魂；第二，将他人视为社会的一部分；三是对神。爱比克泰德断言自由是一个内部问题。如果奴隶从欲望中解脱出来，他就可以自由，如果主人成为欲望的囚徒，他可能是奴隶。他还讨论了善恶的问题，强调事物的本性无善无恶，但我们对它们的态度是赋予它们这种或那种品质的原因。爱比克泰德的哲学是对纯粹奴性制度中的被压迫者的无声抗议，这种倾向远远地在罗马、然后是基督教和俄罗斯哲学上留下了印记。 就像苏格拉底一样，爱比克泰德没有留下任何文字痕迹，但写下他的却是他的学生阿里安。 埃比克泰特斯获得自由后的生活并不幸福。公元 89 年，多米塔诺斯皇帝将他流放。爱比克泰德在流放中死去，他的墓碑上写着：“一个跛脚的仆人，一贫如洗，但对众神来说很珍贵。”

Discourses, Books 1-2 pdf 埃比克泰德

Epictetus was a crippled Greek slave of Phrygia during Nero's reign (54–68 CE) who heard lectures by the Stoic Musonius before he was freed. Expelled with other philosophers by the emperor Domitian in 89 or 92 he settled permanently in Nicopolis in Epirus. There, in a school which he called 'healing place for sick souls', he taught a practical philosophy, details of which were recorded by Arrian, a student of his, and survive in four books of Discourses and a smaller Encheiridion, a handbook which gives briefly the chief doctrines of the Discourses. He apparently lived into the reign of Hadrian (117–138 CE). Epictetus was a teacher of Stoic ethics, broad and firm in method, sublime in thought, and now humorous, now sad or severe in spirit. How should one live righteously? Our god-given will is our paramount possession, and we must not covet others'. We must not resist fortune. Man is part of a system; humans are reasoning beings (in feeble bodies) and must conform to god's mind and the will of nature. Epictetus presents us also with a pungent picture of the perfect (Stoic) man. The Loeb Classical Library edition of Epictetus is in two volumes.