First Principles

First Principles pdf

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哲学

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赫伯特·斯宾塞 (Herbert Spencer) 是一位英国哲学家、心理学家、生物学家、人类学家和社会学家,以他的社会达尔文主义假设而闻名。斯宾塞在阅读查尔斯·达尔文的《物种起源》后,在《生物学原理》(1864)中创造了“适者生存”这一表述。该术语强烈暗示自然选择,但斯宾塞认为进化延伸到社会学和伦理学领域,因此他也支持拉马克主义。
斯宾塞提出了一个包罗万象的进化概念,即物质世界、生物有机体、人类思想、人类文化和社会的逐步发展。作为一个博学的人,他为广泛的学科做出了贡献,包括伦理学、宗教学、人类学、经济学、政治理论、哲学、文学、天文学、生物学、社会学和心理学。在他的一生中,他获得了巨大的权威,主要是在说英语的学术界。 “唯一一位获得如此广泛声望的英国哲学家是伯特兰·罗素,那是在 20 世纪。斯宾塞是“19 世纪最后几十年中最著名的欧洲知识分子”,但他的影响力在此后急剧下降1900 年:“现在谁会读 Spencer?”Talcott Parsons 在 1937 年问道。

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First Principles pdf 赫伯特·斯宾塞

In 1862, the British philosopher Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) published this preamble to a planned series of publications on biology, psychology, sociology and morality. In it, he states that religion and science can be reconciled by their shared belief in an Absolute, and that ultimate principles can be discerned in all manifestations of the Absolute, particularly the general laws of nature being discovered by science. Spencer divides his text into two parts. Part I, 'The Unknowable', discusses early philosophical ideas that human knowledge is limited and cannot meaningfully conceive of God; faith must be the bridge between human experience and ultimate truth. Spencer refutes this as he examines religion and science in detail. In Part II, 'Laws of the Knowable', Spencer argues that religion and science can be reconciled in the underlying unity from which the visible complexity of the universe has evolved.

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