Notes from Underground pdf

陀思妥耶夫斯基是俄罗斯小说家、哲学家和散文家，被广泛认为是西方文学中最伟大的作家之一。 他于 1821 年出生于莫斯科，在一个中产阶级家庭中长大。 他的父亲是一名免费为穷人治疗的医生，这使陀思妥耶夫斯基对社会正义感和对受压迫者的同情心产生了深刻的认识。

陀思妥耶夫斯基在 1840 年代开始了他的写作生涯，创作了一系列探索人性复杂性和俄罗斯社会阴暗面的中篇小说和短篇小说。 他的第一部重要小说《穷人》于 1846 年出版，赢得了评论界的好评。 然而，正是他后来的作品，如《罪与罚》、《白痴》和《卡拉马佐夫兄弟》，奠定了他文学大师的地位。

陀思妥耶夫斯基的作品以其心理深度、哲学主题和对人类状况的探索而闻名。 他笔下的人物经常与道德困境和存在主义问题作斗争，努力解决信仰、道德和生命意义的问题。 他的作品还探讨了他那个时代的政治和社会问题，包括贫困、犯罪和政治压迫。

陀思妥耶夫斯基的一生充满了个人悲剧和政治动荡。 1849 年，他因与一群自由派知识分子有牵连而被捕并被判处死刑，后来改判为西伯利亚的苦役。 他服完刑后回到俄罗斯，但一生都在贫困和疾病中挣扎。 他于 1881 年去世，享年 59 岁。

尽管生活动荡不安，但陀思妥耶夫斯基作为作家和思想家的遗产却经久不衰。 今天，他的作品继续被广泛阅读和研究，他关于人类状况和信仰在社会中的作用的观点继续引起世界各地读者的共鸣。

Notes from Underground pdf 陀思妥耶夫斯基

"Notes from Underground" is a novella written by Fyodor Dostoevsky, first published in 1864. The story is narrated by an unnamed narrator, known only as the Underground Man, and offers a profound exploration of human psychology, philosophy, and society.

The Underground Man is a deeply troubled and alienated figure who rejects the notions of reason, progress, and self-interest that characterize modern society. He is consumed by his own insecurities and contradictions, and is driven by a profound sense of self-loathing and isolation.

Throughout the novella, the Underground Man grapples with a number of existential questions and philosophical issues, such as free will, determinism, and the nature of consciousness. He is deeply critical of the idea of rationality, which he sees as a form of oppression that limits human freedom and autonomy. The Underground Man believes that true freedom can only be found in the chaotic and irrational aspects of human existence, which he sees as a reflection of the fundamental contradictions and paradoxes of the human condition.

Dostoevsky's writing style is both complex and powerful, and he uses a range of literary techniques to convey the psychological and philosophical complexities of the Underground Man's character. The novella is divided into two parts, with the first part presenting the Underground Man's rambling and disjointed monologue, while the second part offers a more structured narrative that explores the consequences of the Underground Man's actions.

"Notes from Underground" is widely regarded as one of Dostoevsky's most important works, and has had a profound influence on modern literature and philosophy. The novella presents a scathing critique of the modern world and its values, and offers a powerful exploration of the existential angst and alienation that characterizes modern society. It is a work of remarkable depth and complexity, and continues to be a source of inspiration and insight for readers and scholars alike.