On the Heavens pdf

亚里士多德（公元前 384-322 年）是有史以来最伟大的哲学家之一。仅根据他的哲学影响来判断，只有柏拉图是他的同龄人：亚里士多德的作品塑造了从古代晚期到文艺复兴时期的几个世纪的哲学，即使在今天，人们仍以敏锐的、非古董的兴趣继续研究。亚里士多德是一位了不起的研究人员和作家，他留下了大量的著作，可能多达两百篇论文，其中大约有三十一篇幸存下来。他现存的著作涵盖广泛的学科，从逻辑学、形而上学和心灵哲学，到伦理学、政治理论、美学和修辞学，以及经验生物学等主要非哲学领域，他擅长详细的植物和动物观察和分类。在所有这些领域，亚里士多德的理论都提供了启发，遇到了阻力，引发了争论，并普遍激发了持久读者的持续兴趣。
由于其广泛的范围和时间上的遥远，亚里士多德的哲学无法简单地封装。对亚里士多德文本和主题的解释和挪用的悠久历史——跨越两千年，包括在各种宗教和世俗传统中工作的哲学家——甚至使解释的基本点也引起争议。本网站上关于亚里士多德的一组条目通过三个层次来解决这种情况。首先，现在的一般条目简要介绍了亚里士多德的生平，并描述了他的核心哲学承诺，突出了他最独特的方法和最有影响力的成就。其次是一般主题，详细介绍了亚里士多德哲学活动的主要领域。最后，接下来的专题更详细地研究了更狭隘的问题，尤其是最近亚里士多德学术中关注的问题

On the Heavens pdf 亚里士多德

Aristotle, great Greek philosopher, researcher, reasoner, and writer, born at Stagirus in 384 BCE, was the son of Nicomachus, a physician, and Phaestis. He studied under Plato at Athens and taught there (367 47); subsequently he spent three years at the court of a former pupil, Hermeias, in Asia Minor and at this time married Pythias, one of Hermeias s relations. After some time at Mitylene, in 343 2 he was appointed by King Philip of Macedon to be tutor of his teen-aged son Alexander. After Philip s death in 336, Aristotle became head of his own school (of Peripatetics ), the Lyceum at Athens. Because of anti-Macedonian feeling there after Alexander s death in 323, he withdrew to Chalcis in Euboea, where he died in 322. Nearly all the works Aristotle prepared for publication are lost; the priceless ones extant are lecture-materials, notes, and memoranda (some are spurious). They can be categorized as follows: I. Practical: "Nicomachean Ethics"; "Great Ethics" ("Magna Moralia"); "Eudemian Ethics"; "Politics"; "Oeconomica" (on the good of the family); "Virtues and Vices."