阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦（Albert Einstein，1879 年 3 月 14 日－1955 年 4 月 18 日）是德国、瑞士和美国的物理学家，父母是犹太人。在物理学中，他发表了一篇关于光电效应的研究论文，在他的其他三百篇同等科学论文中发表物质和能量，量子力学等，他的已证实结论导致了对许多经典物理学未能证明的科学现象的解释。 爱因斯坦从与牛顿的时空理论相矛盾的“狭义相对论”开始，特别是解决关于一般电磁波，特别是光的旧理论的问题，那是在瑞士（1902-1909 年）之间。 至于“广义相对论”，他是在1915年提出的，他在其中讨论了引力，它代表了现代物理学对引力的当前描述。 广义相对论通过将引力统一描述为空间和时间或时空的几何特性，来概括狭义相对论和牛顿万有引力定律。
Einstein's miraculous year: five papers that changed the face of physics pdf 艾尔伯特爱因斯坦
After 1905, Einstein's miraculous year, physics would never be the same again. In those twelve months, Einstein shattered many cherished scientific beliefs with five extraordinary papers that would establish him as the world's leading physicist. This book brings those papers together in an accessible format. The best-known papers are the two that founded special relativity: On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies and Does the Inertia of a Body Depend on Its Energy Content? In the former, Einstein showed that absolute time had to be replaced by a new absolute: the speed of light. In the second, he asserted the equivalence of mass and energy, which would lead to the famous formula E = mc2 .
The book also includes On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light , in which Einstein challenged the wave theory of light, suggesting that light could also be regarded as a collection of particles. This helped to open the door to a whole new world--that of quantum physics. For ideas in this paper, he won the Nobel Prize in 1921.
The fourth paper also led to a Nobel Prize, although for another scientist, Jean Perrin. On the Movement of Small Particles Suspended in Stationary Liquids Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat concerns the Brownian motion of such particles. With profound insight, Einstein blended ideas from kinetic theory and classical hydrodynamics to derive an equation for the mean free path of such particles as a function of the time, which Perrin confirmed experimentally. The fifth paper, A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions , was Einstein's doctoral dissertation, and remains among his most cited articles. It shows how to calculate Avogadro's number and the size of molecules.
These papers, presented in a modern English translation, are essential reading for any physicist, mathematician, or astrophysicist. Far more than just a collection of scientific articles, this book presents work that is among the high points of human achievement and marks a watershed in the history of science.
Coinciding with the 100th anniversary of the miraculous year, this new paperback edition includes an introduction by John Stachel, which focuses on the personal aspects of Einstein's youth that facilitated and led up to the miraculous year.