Epistemology and Psychology of Functions pdf

让·皮亚杰 (Jean Piaget) 是瑞士心理学家，1896 年 8 月 9 日出生于瑞士纳沙泰尔。他第一次对动物学感兴趣，年轻时发表了一篇文章，讲述了他对白化病的观察，并撰写了许多出版物关于软体动物，赢得了许多人的钦佩，15年来她在欧洲动物学家中声名鹊起，因为他学习动物学和哲学，并于1918年在纳沙泰尔大学获得博士学位。心理学家和遗传学家是最好的以他的认知发展理论而闻名，该理论着眼于儿童的智力发展。在他的理论之前，儿童被视为小成年人，但皮亚杰提出了儿童思维非常不同的观点。关于成年人的思维方式，这个理论影响了发展心理学并成为它的一个分支，对教育领域做出了巨大贡献，被称为建构主义理论的先驱，这表明人们建立自己的知识积极借鉴他们的想法和经验，他在很小的时候就开始表现出对自然科学的兴趣，在他十一岁的时候，他开始了他的研究工作，因为他写了关于白化病的文章。

Epistemology and Psychology of Functions pdf 让·皮亚杰

Years ago, prompted by Grize, Apostel and Papert, we undertook the study of functions, but until now we did not properly understand the relations between functions and operations, and their increasing interactions at the level of 'constituted functions'. By contrast, certain recent studies on 'constitutive functions', or preoperatory functional schemes, have convinced us of the existence of a sort of logic of functions (springing from the schemes of actions) which is prior to the logic of operations (drawn from the general and reversible coordinations between actions). This preoperatory 'logic' accounts for the very general, and until now unexplained, primacy of order relations between 4 and 7 years of age, which is natural since functions are ordered dependences and result from oriented 'applications'. And while this 'logic' ends up in a positive manner in formalizable structures, it has gaps or limitations. Psychologically, we are interested in understanding the system­ atic errors due to this primacy of order, such ·as the undifferentiation of 'longer' and 'farther', or the non-conservations caused by ordinal estimations (of levels, etc. ), as opposed to extensive or metric evaluations. In a sense which is psychologically very real, this preoperatory logic of constitutive functions represents only the first half of operatory logic, if this can be said, and it is reversibility which allows the construction of the other half by completing the initial one-way structures.