Religion without God pdf

罗纳德·德沃金 (Ronald Dworkin) 享年 81 岁，被广泛尊为英语世界中最具原创性和影响力的法学哲学家。在他的著作、文章和他在伦敦和纽约的教学中，他对法律进行了强有力的、学术性的诠释，并阐述了热门话题和公众关注的问题——包括法律应如何处理种族、堕胎、安乐死和平等——以非专业读者可以理解的方式。他的法律论点被巧妙地应用于经典自由主义哲学的具体问题，而这反过来又基于他的信念，即法律必须从普通人公认的道德美德中获得权威。 德沃金在牛津大学和哈佛法学院学习哲学（在哈佛大学的威拉德·范·奥尔曼·奎因（Willard Van Orman Quine）的指导下，非正式地在牛津大学的 JL Austin 学习）和法律。在耶鲁大学和后来的纽约大学法学院以及牛津大学教授法律之前，他曾担任伟大的美国法官和法律学者 Bil​​lings Learned Hand 的文员，以及华尔街律师事务所 Sullivan & Cromwell 的执业助理以及后来的伦敦大学学院。 这种广泛的教育和训练，磨练了一个异常强大的智力的分析技能，使他即使是一个早熟的年轻人，也能挑战法律和法理学界最杰出的人物，包括汉德和赫拉·哈特，著名的代表人物法律实证主义——将法律的社会基础与其优点分开考虑——在牛津。德沃金最大的成就也许是他坚持以权利为基础的法律理论，这在他的第一本也是最有影响力的著作《认真对待权利》（1977 年）中进行了阐述，在书中他提出了一种替代哈特的观点和新兴的法律理论哈佛法学家约翰·罗尔斯。

Religion without God pdf 罗纳德·德沃金

In his last book, Ronald Dworkin addresses questions that men and women have asked through the ages: What is religion and what is God's place in it? What is death and what is immortality? Based on the 2011 Einstein Lectures, Religion without God is inspired by remarks Einstein made that if religion consists of awe toward mysteries which "manifest themselves in the highest wisdom and the most radiant beauty, and which our dull faculties can comprehend only in the most primitive forms," then, he, Einstein, was a religious person. Dworkin joins Einstein's sense of cosmic mystery and beauty to the claim that value is objective, independent of mind, and immanent in the world. He rejects the metaphysics of naturalism--that nothing is real except what can be studied by the natural sciences. Belief in God is one manifestation of this deeper worldview, but not the only one. The conviction that God underwrites value presupposes a prior commitment to the independent reality of that value--a commitment that is available to nonbelievers as well. So theists share a commitment with some atheists that is more fundamental than what divides them. Freedom of religion should flow not from a respect for belief in God but from the right to ethical independence. Dworkin hoped that this short book would contribute to rational conversation and the softening of religious fear and hatred. Religion without God is the work of a humanist who recognized both the possibilities and limitations of humanity.