弗朗西斯·培根：英国作家和哲学家，现代哲学的先驱之一，他的哲学引发了一场重大的科学革命，超越了亚里士多德和亚里士多德的类比。
弗朗西斯·培根出生于公元1561年，他的母亲从小就接受了他的教育，因为她的父亲是皇室的老师，能说流利的希腊语、拉丁语、意大利语、法语，并且拥有广泛的文化，以及 神学教学功能。
弗朗西斯·培根于公元 1573 年加入剑桥大学，但没有获得科学学位便迅速退出； 蔑视他们教授的课程主要依赖亚里士多德的哲学，他认为这是理论性的和无用的。
培根移居法国，与各界政界和文化界人士打成一片，曾在英国驻巴黎大使馆工作，死后返回英国加入他们。 他以口才、口才和论辩力着称，以英国王室大臣的身份与伊丽莎白女王亲近，因居高临下而获得“女王”的绰号。
培根遭遇挫折，在他被指控受贿后被剥夺政治职务后失去了政治分量，被判入狱四天，然后获得皇家赦免，并在他最重要的作品结束时退休了人们的优势，包括 ：1622 年的《亨利七世国王统治史》，以及六篇关于自然史的文章，题为“风的历史”。
培根一直致力于他的研究和实验，直到他在公元 1626 年因在手术过程中暴露于严寒中而死于急性肺炎。
The New Organon 本书 pdf 阅读和下载 法式培根
The New Organon or True Directions concerning the interpretation of Nature by Francis Bacon. The Novum Organum, full original title Novum Organum Scientiarum, is a philosophical work by Francis Bacon, written in Latin and published in 1620. The title translates as new instrument, i.e. new instrument of science. This is a reference to Aristotle's work Organon, which was his treatise on logic and syllogism. In Novum Organum, Bacon details a new system of logic he believes to be superior to the old ways of syllogism. This is now known as the Baconian method. For Bacon, finding the essence of a thing was a simple process of reduction, and the use of inductive reasoning. In finding the cause of a phenomenal nature such as heat, one must list all of the situations where heat is found. Then another list should be drawn up, listing situations that are similar to those of the first list except for the lack of heat. A third table lists situations where heat can vary. The form nature, or cause, of heat must be that which is common to all instances in the first table, is lacking from all instances of the second table and varies by degree in instances of the third table. The title page of Novum Organum depicts a galleon passing between the mythical Pillars of Hercules that stand either side of the Strait of Gibraltar, marking the exit from the well-charted waters of the Mediterranean into the Atlantic Ocean. The Pillars, as the boundary of the Mediterranean, have been smashed through opening a new world for exploration. Bacon hopes that empirical investigation will, similarly, smash the old scientific ideas and lead to greater understanding of the world and heavens. The Latin tag across the bottom ("Multi pertransibunt & augebitur scientia") is taken from Daniel 12:4. It means: "Many will travel and knowledge will be increased". Those who have taken upon them to lay down the law of nature as a thing already searched out and understood, whether they have spoken in simple assurance or professional affectation, have therein done philosophy and the sciences great injury. For as they have been successful in inducing belief, so they have been effective in quenching and stopping inquiry; and have done more harm by spoiling and putting an end to other men's efforts than good by their own. Those on the other hand who have taken a contrary course, and asserted that absolutely nothing can be known - whether it were from hatred of the ancient sophists, or from uncertainty and fluctuation of mind, or even from a kind of fullness of learning, that they fell upon this opinion - have certainly advanced reasons for it that are not to be despised; but yet they have neither started from true principles nor rested in the just conclusion, zeal and affectation having carried them much too far. The more ancient of the Greeks (whose writings are lost) took up with better judgment a position between these two extremes - between the presumption of pronouncing on everything, and the despair of comprehending anything; and though frequently and bitterly complaining of the difficulty of inquiry and the obscurity of things, and like impatient horses champing at the bit, they did not the less follow up their object and engage with nature, thinking (it seems) that this very question - viz., whether or not anything can be known - was to be settled not by arguing, but by trying. And yet they too, trusting entirely to the force of their understanding, applied no rule, but made everything turn upon hard thinking and perpetual working and exercise of the mind.